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Prof.Dr. Gazmend SHPUZA
THE ISSUE OF ALPHABET AFTER MONASTERY’S CONGRESS
Even nowadays we can’t manage to recognize the persons with
titles Bey or Pacha as well-known representatives of Albanian
National Movement. These personalities were exactly the persons
who enabled the unexpected results for both Albanian patriotic
circles and Young Turks organizers.
The Congress of Dibra has its great merit because it
witnessed that the Albanian factor was dominant in the demographic
and ethnical aspects of Ottoman possessions in the Balkan of that
time.
Thus, in its beginnings, the Congress of Dibra stopped
being a Young Turks’ forum and became immediately a fighting arena
between patriotic circles of Albanians and its organizers.
Furthermore, due to the courage and decisiveness of patriotic
delegates, this Congress became a hot tribune for the exposition
of cardinal problems that concerned the Albanian National
Movement. Furthermore, the Albanian patriots managed to ratify
several requests that leaded to autonomy of
Albania. So,
this congress was transformed in a decision-making forum of
Albanians versus Young Turk power.
These requests (including the insertion of Albanian
language in schools, the opening of schools in Albanian language,
the fulfillment of military service etc.) were a small victory for
the Albanian National Movement. The congress gave to them a
decisive power because all the regions of the country and
political parties were represented in it. Since the Prizren’s
League, this was the first massive meeting of Albanians which
introduced such political claims toward Ottoman authorities.
Even in educational and cultural congresses, the issue of
both Albanian schools and alphabet was discussed inside close
circles as an illuminist phenomenon. Hence, their introduction as
political and national problems was impossible, even if they were
conceived as such. The same results came from the Congresses of
Manastir and Elbasan, too.
The unification of alphabet was totally insufficient. The
congresses of Manastir, Dibra, Elbasan and the Second Congress of
Manastir (Monastery) were the organizational links of an
inevitable process for the political and national treatment of
both Albanian education and alphabet’s issue. In default of an
organizational center of National Movement, such congresses were
efforts for patriotic forces’ organization in a nationwide level.
Dr. Ismail
BARDHI
A THEOLOGICAL REFLECTION ON THE ABSOLUTE
The issue of the Absolute in its content has always been
not only a theological and philosophical challenge but a challenge
for the culture and civilization, as well. Frequently, theology by
its own profundity has attempted to accept it as a spotless issue
between the naive and the wisdom, because theology has been
sentient of the fact that it’s impossible to make this issue
tangible.
Philosophy with the self-granted looseness, every time that
tried to repudiate the issue of the Absolute, has in fact
acknowledged it. For as much as the philosophy has peculated with
this issue, that much has been plunged with torment in its own
profundities, while rendering the thought through its tongue
attractive, sometimes even in ridiculous manners. Young
philosophers in their ageing stopped being so enthusiastic in
treating the issue of the Absolute – the Absolute exhausted the
philosophy.
This text presents some theological reflections on the
Absolute based on the signs that the Revelation has presented in
the form of the continuous guidance for the faithful.
Prof. As. Dr.
Arian KADIU
EDUCATION IN A
CONCRETE REALITY
The recent
changes in Albanian society are reflected even in the activity of
school. This caused upheavals in the education system, conflicts
among teachers or students and appearance of bad manners, smoking,
drugs, alcohol etc. The bad manners are met everyday in high
schools and outside them. All of these things demand for a major
role of the school, the teacher and the family. The new events and
their perspective must be known because in such a way could be
done a good work in helping the students, teachers and parents’
community.
The focus of
relationship between students and their teachers as two component
parts of education, have always caught the attention of many
experts in social fields including lecturers, psychologists,
sociologists, parents, jurists etc.
This problem is very important and needs to be analyzed
diversely in all pedagogic, psychological and social aspects.
First of all,
it is
considered as a pedagogic problem because it’s directly related
to
pedagogical skills of the teacher, his scientific preparation
and the way of knowledge’s teaching.
Secondly,
such phenomena are considered as psychological problems as well.
During
this age are especially developed the psychological
characteristics of personality such as interests, habits, skills,
talents etc. that continue to be cultivated during university’s
years as well. The evident tendencies of educational interests is
a well-known psychological phenomenon which is the result of the
preferences for different subjects.
In our classrooms there are many cases of screams, insults
and admonitions that pollute the atmosphere of creating normal
relationships between the student and the teacher or vice-versa.
Thirdly,
the problem in question, should be treated as a social one, too.
It is something known that the future of these
relationships aim a courageous teenager, a tolerant and an active
one. To be such, the teenager should learn by his-self and
likewise his parents should encourage him in the moments of
his demoralization. Thereby, together they will be creating the
physiognomy of the future. At the other hand, the teacher’s duty
is to project the personality of the student, watching him in the
focus of perspective. As a result, in the future should be a
change of attitude towards these relationships because the
dynamics of their change and development is a component part of
specific and general integrations, including both the school and
parents.
Prof. Dr. Muharrem DEZHGIU
CHALLENGES
TOWARDS ALBANIAN MONARCHY DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR
In the beginning of its second decade, the Albanian
monarchy was confronted by many challenges under the complex
conditions of Second World War. It managed to cope with the
political and diplomatic attempts of Italy, which aimed the
conquest of Albanian state via economical politics against
Albania.
The Albanian monarchy didn’t face the challenge of Italian
military conquest because such a challenge was strongly supported
by the attitude of both Albania’s neighbors and western countries.
The neighbors, especially Greece, used the conquest of Albania as
a lucky chance to realize the annexation ambitions against
Albania. Greece, nay accepted to collaborate with A. Zog for a
common war against the same conqueror, but conquered Albanian
lands during Italian-Greek war in 1940- 41.
The Albanian monarchy faced another challenge. It was the
challenge of the Great Powers concerning the rejection of King Zog,
with the status of government in emigration. With such an attitude
the Britannic policy made impossible the interaction between
Albanian interior factors and political factors in emigration, on
the other hand. A. Zog became a popular figure of Albanian
political emigration but the contacts with interior forces were
fruitless.
The biggest challenge of Albanian monarchy during Second
World War was made by Albanian political powers which were
organized during this war. Political egoism of coming to power
leaded these forces to utilize the conquest’s situation and the
lack of Albanian state sovereignty. They forgot the fatigue and
the efforts made by Albanians to build up their state. Slogan
“the matter of regime will be chosen by people with a free will,
after the liberation” was a demagogic one. A. Zog was forbidden
to turn back in Albania, without being expressed such a will.
If at the beginning of war (in challenges against Albanian
monarchy) dominated the external factors, at it’s end the internal
factors became determinative.
Dr. Ibrahim
GASHI
THE ISLAMIC
INFLUENCE ON ALBANIAN CHRONOLOGY
HEGIRA LUNAR AND MALI-RUM CALENDARS
The knowledge
of a people on horology is an important part of its culture. The
ancients utilized calendars of different systems: solar calendars,
lunar ones or combined (solar-lunar). At the beginning of seventh
century, Arab countries began to utilize Hegira lunar calendar, an
utilization that continues to exist nowadays as well. This
calendar has been utilized even by the ottoman empire and by all
countries it conquered. Thus, among these countries was Albania
too.
After the
reforms of Tanzimat, Mali-Rum calendar of the Julian system began
to be utilized. Even such a calendar finds its application in
Albanian chronology.
Our topic
treats matters that have to do with the essential characteristics
of these calendars and their application in Albanian lands. In
this topic is included even the handling of some knowledge about
Albanian chronology before ottoman conquest and later.
The influence
of Islamic chronology on Albanian one is analyzed in two
directions:
Firstly,
Albanian
chronology according to Hegira lunar and Mali Rum calendars
reflected in ottoman scripts which contain important historical
events of our nation during the ottoman occupation.
Secondly,
Albanian chronology according to Hegira lunar and Mali Rum
calendars, reflected in Albanian scripts as in laic calendars, in
several takwims of Islamic religion, in religious calendars of
Christian religion, in different historical of Albanian authors,
in different correspondences by eminent figures of our nation, in
inscriptions etc.
It’s important
the fact that nowadays both calendars are utilized from Albanians,
mostly related to Islamic religion. They are reflected in
book-calendars (takwims).
In the subject’s treatment have been considered
different ottoman scripts translated or commented by Albanian
researchers. Some of them have been published, whereas the others
are still manuscripts in the archive of Institute’s History.
Takwims and calendars in Albanian language have been exploited as
well. Such calendars contain the horology according to Hegira
lunar and Mali Rum calendars.
Xhemal BALLA
THEOLOGIANS OF
TRADITION AND THE MODERN INTERPRETATION OF QUR’AN
For the interpretation of Qur’an, H. Dalliu is based on
logic and is directed to human’s intellect, arguing that people
couldn’t live in the right way without having the Divine Guidance
of God. Likewise, even in the present society, people do not
achieve the happiness they want if they don’t realize the messages
from the divine Book, the Qur’an, which is the greatest
intellectual miracle that challenged humanity. According to Dalliu,
there are too many provisions in this book that resolve the
problems of human society in all the times. Through the comment,
H. Dalliu refers to all Albanian social strata, both
intellectuals and persons of the low class. His goal was to
clarify the issues of religion in a better way, removing the
habits from them. Through the interpretation, H. Dalliu tries to
explain the Divine teachings and instructions. Meditating on
Divine Book, H. Dalliu managed to analyze the words, deepening in
their theological meanings. The translation of Qur’an and its
commentary in Albanian language by H. Dalliu, completed one of the
Islamic religion’s pillar for Albanian Muslims. He filled the
emptiness of that time. In his work, H. Dalliu showed his
intellectual capacities as an eminent theologian, whose example
should be followed nowadays, too.
Ali El HASHIM
THE MANKIND’S
NEED FOR A CIVILIZATION WITH FAITH
It is true the fact that nowadays the mankind needs a
civilization with faith in order to realize its principles. The
study of civilizations’ history is an important thing because in
such a way we can make a parallelism between these civilizations
and the connections they had with each-other.
Thus, we find out the factors that influenced on their rise and
fall. If we have a look at the history, we will notice that none
of these nations and civilizations were totally detached from the
notion of faith and different ideologies. They’ve indicated such a
thing through several mottos, thus finding the heartsease or a
kind of divine support. People were used to believe in different
idols, in certain ideologies or sanctums which constitute the base
of social relationships between nations. So, however it be, the
man has the tendency to believe somewhere. Being different from
the others, the Islamic civilization is established on the
combination of faith and knowledge. Authentically, the knowledge
is a divine gift that God gave to the man and the latter should
use it as a mean of bringing progress and civilization.
A certain
civilization may succeed only if the below factors are considered:
-
understanding of divine laws in universe
- estimation
of logical reasoning and science
- unity
among people of that civilization
-
utilization of natural resources in the proper way
-
communication with the others.
The study of
universe and its mysteries should be closely related to the faith
in one God, Which is the Creator of everything. If the believer
has a deep knowledge of universe, he puts on man’s disposal all
the scientific inventions about it. Hereby, the knowledge is a
source of security and happiness and not a source of the fear and
desperation for the mankind. That is why we need a civilization
with faith, a secure civilization with strong bases, like the
Islamic one. It is a universal system of life and it is
appropriate for every time, for every place and for every man. The
Islamic civilization is characterized from the moral and good
manners and it is not against human nature but it completes and
perfects the latter. Such a civilization doesn’t clash with the
logic and science but it urges them to be beneficial to all
mankind.
Luan QAFMOLLA
EVALUATION OF
ENVIRONMENT’S CONTAMINATION BY NUCLEAR ACTIVITIES
The natural radiation, together with artificial
radiation, created by human, which can be used for different
peaceful application purposes, are real resources from which the
people and environment can be contaminated.
Today, the nuclear industry is in such scale, that the
strictness, vigilance and its safety is in high level, because
these implants are totally under the human control.
Although nuclear industry is under the human control, the
events of the last two decades have shown that however effectively
to be under the protection of measures took from human, again
exist the possibilities of environment contamination from the
nuclear activities.
Not without influence was the Chernobyl accident
in Ukraine in spring of 1985. The effects of this accident have
influenced in some European countries as well as in Albanian
territory, especially in north-east region. The different samples
of milk, meat, vegetables, medicines plant are collected in
Institute of Nuclear Physics, carried out their measurements and
giving the results of measurements to Emergency Commission,
established that time.
In the same time the residues of gases, liquid and solid
radioactive wastes surround the environment is a big actual
problem. As result of monitoring of environment from the Centre of
control and protection of environment in Paks city of Hungary,
where is the nuclear power plant, are residue surround environment
about 1,6 Bq / kg 110mAg (measurements are carried out
at the grass samples), while in Danube river (measurements are
carried out at the water samples) about 5 Bq / kg 60
Co, are a considerable quantities residue in environment.
World-wide knowledge and experience to know the content of
these gases, liquid and solid radioactive wastes residue in
environment, simplify the physicist's, chemist's and biologist's
tasks to select the types of analysis, which needed to different
kinds of environmental samples, which are collected.
Already exist the values which show the maximum
permission concentration to radio nuclides, which can be residue
in air, water, which values are supported and approved by
recommendations of International Radiation Protection Commission
ICRP.
These values and results in general are evaluated in term
of the maximum permission concentration by national and
international boards. In our country these norms (levels) are
approved by national board so-called Albanian Radiation Protection
Commission (ARPC).
The permission levels for same radio nuclides are
determined for their content in whole human body as well as by
their concentration in air, water. These levels determine the
required sensibility for analytical methods.
Armanda HYSA
HISTORICAL AND URBANIZATION PROGRESS OF TIRANA’S OLD BAZAAR
The article
“Historical and urbanization progress of Tirana’s old bazaar” is
divided into five sections:
In the first section the author makes a general survey on
political and economic events’ development that influenced the
existence of old bazaar. After explaining its origin from open
bazaars, the author treats the second factor that influenced in
Tirana’s consolidation as a city: the arrival of vlach voscopoyars.
Except them, even the natural development of Tirana attracted many
feudal families. Such a development of both retail trade and
handicraft attracted the big family of Kruja Toptans as well.
Toptans attempted to become the chiefs of city but such a thing
got them into civil wars and caused their economical weakening.
Anyway, the artistries of bazaar were organized into fifteen
crafts led by the tabacs one. The article contains information
about the economical development at the end of 19th
century and the beginning of 20th century. As a result,
the bazaar was widened and it was necessary to be formed another
bazaar. The demolition of Tirana’s old bazaar began in 1959.
In the second section the author stresses that even though
the buildings, streets and the bazaars were spontaneous buildings,
they functioned according to some specific principles. This seems
to be the same with the regular forming of bazaars’ roads and
complexes in all Albanian cities. The position in which the bazaar
was built up is related to the fair’s field of Shën Lleshi. In
this section the author explains bazaar functions’ as a productive
and a service center. The way in which were formed the
constructional ensembles of craftsman stores is also explained in
such a section.
These remnants of open bazaars have their signs in bazaar
grounds which are treated by the author in the third section.
In the fourth one the author treats artisan-commercial
store as a basic unit of the bazaars’ existence. The stores were
simple and in a rectangular form, connected to each-other in a
line. Each one of such 15 stores formed a specific block. They
were lined according to the crafts in both sides of the road,
forming the streets of artisans.
Last section treats the sector of bazaars services, inns,
coffee-bars, bookstores, wells and the tower clock as a building
related to the bazaar’s historical development.
Entela MUÇA
IBRAHIM TEMO, A REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ALBANIAN INTELLECTUAL AND
PROGRESSIVE THOUGHT
Ibrahim Temo, originally from the city of
Struga, was born and bred during the years of Albanian national
movement for liberty and independence of the country.
Ibrahim Temo
was born in a patriotic family and was educated with the
consciousness and the patriotic obligation in the service of
national issue. His background starts with the education at home
and abroad and after continues with the patriotic and intellectual
activity. Thus, he finished the elementary school and two years of
grammar-school in his birth city, Struga, and after in Rumania and
Istanbul. In this city (Istanbul), he followed the high medical
school of Boazy (Boğazi) and university studies in Military
Faculty of Medicine. As a cultured person, Dr. Ibrahim Temo,
became soon an eminent figure inside the Albanian intellectual
circles. He became the initiator of many political events in our
country and took an active part in them (for example, he was the
founder of Young Turks’ movement).
A great part of
his activity was developed in Rumania where he lived for a long
time.
Dr. Ibrahim
Temo, as an intellectual with a lucid and progressive vision
concerning the development of civilian society within the ottoman
empire, was worried about its level of cultural evolution. His
worry derived by the clear fact that the country wouldn’t be
included in the process of progress without having first a
cultural and social evolution in all fields. Thus, without this
progress would never be realized the dream of the Albanian
patriots to see Albania as “a lady”.
Ibrahim Temo
saw the need of reforming the society’s superstructure. He was
preoccupied for the danger of backwardness within the important
institutions of the country. According to him, the only way of
solution would be the development of reforms in all aspects of the
social, political and juridical organization within life’s
country.
Also, Dr.
Ibrahim Temo offered his contribution for the Turkish community in
Dobruja, Rumania, speaking up with regard to the organization of
political, social and economical life within this community. He
expressed his progressive ideas in the congress of November 1921.
These ideas were related to the entire civilization of Islamic
society in Rumania. Dr. Temo approaches the new generation to
embrace the reforms inside the education system as well as the
linguistic reform
of Semitic
alphabet’s replacement with the Latin one.
Furthermore, he
said that the whole change of juridical system is needed. Until
that time, such a system was based in the functioning of the old
parasitic practices.
Dr. Temo spoke
up his progressive thoughts regarding the creation of a new
political culture, too. These thoughts are concentrated in
practicing the election’s reform where the community would express
its political willpower for the future.
He was worried
about woman’s emancipation stressing her role in society and in
bringing up the new generation.
Prof. Jakup
MATO
THE ARTISTIC
ASSOCIATION “ROZAFAT”, AN ANNOUNCER OF ALBANIAN’S ART LUXURIANCE
In the time when some impassioned amateurs of
music in Shkodra thought to found an artistic association, the
political situation in this region was very complicated. The city
was under the control of foreign armies.
Patriotic
spirits having exceptional love and passion for art and a strong
concern about social problems were needed to undertake such an
activity in a candent and dangerous atmosphere for the future of
the nation. This association found it difficult to undertake an
initiative of this kind since it heralded a new prosperous season
for the Albanian art. It was the first one to undertake this
mission of great importance in Shkodra, even though it meant
dealing with a complex field of art, that of music, which required
specialists of the necessary cultural background.
Initiators of founding the association “Rozafat”
were mostly some craftsmen, clerks, talented teachers and workers
such as: Simon Gurakuqi (Rranxi) and Shuk Paloka, which were
cobblers, Cin Nush Daija, a carpenter, Gjon Laca, a tailor, Luigj
Dajçi, a mechanic, Ton Daja, a barber, the teacher Kolë Kosmaçi,
the clerks Kel Luka and Gegë Gurakuqi, etc. The musical
association “Rozafat” was founded on 13 February, 1913 and
continued its activity for almost 20 years. Its first president
was elected Kel Luka and vice-president Simon Gurakuqi (Rranxi).
The first show
was performed on 28 November, 1918, on the occasion of the
Independence Declaration’s anniversary. The program included
patriotic and folkloric songs as well as poetic
recitations. The musical association “Rozafat” had its own
Dramatic Troupe.
The role of the
association “Rozafat” in the cultivation of music has been quite a
big one. It carried out a series of musical activities presenting
works of native, but mostly, foreign authors. It prepared and
developed the abilities of many music-players thus creating an
ample basis for the cultivation of this art in the city of Shkodra.
The musical association “Rozafat” not only made use of the
experiences of the music masters of Shkodra, but also established
a new tradition which was to be enriched further in the future.
Prof.Dr. Musa
KRAJA
TERRORISM: THE
ACTUALITY AND THE WAR AGAINST IT
The article analyzes terrorism as a serious
trouble for the existence of our world.
The concept of terrorism is related to crime, politics and
with the intention to terrorize people or to impose ideas,
attitudes, practices and different philosophies.
The actuality of terrorism is in a high level because it is
present, merciless and barbarian even nowadays, time when the
science and technology have managed to fully change the planet
where we live.
Media introduces terrorism in different ways,
directly or not, without even excluding any service in the frame
of political war into economical and social fields. Since the
phenomenon of terrorism is a product of our society as well, the
Albanian media gives images of terrorism without unmasking such a
dangerous problem.
The spirit of terror generates from family which is the
basic cellule of society. Thus, we shouldn’t allow the
demonstration of psychological terror or the physical one inside
the family.
Religion plays an important role in avoiding such
a wild, anti-human and anti-civilized feeling that produces the
terrorism of people. At the same time, the religious optics
supports the legislation which says that raiders must respond in
front of the law, for the crimes and damages they did against
people.
Sherif DELVINA
THE NEW ISLAM
OF BALKAN: MUSLIMS, THE PROTAGONISTS OF POST-COMMUNISM
The mistakes in “The new Islam of Balkan:
Muslims, the protagonists of post- communism 1990-2000”, published
in the competition of the Foundation for Strategic Searching,
leaded by Xavier Bougarel and Nathalie Clayer, Paris:
Let’s begin with the book’s title: We say to the authors of
this book that there is only one Islam in Balkan and in all the
world and within this peninsula was not formed a new Islam. It is
a pity that in the introduction of this book, pg 19, there is an
idea which pretends that Islam in Balkan is not a homogeneous
religion:
“In the religious plan, the Muslims of Balkan do not form
a homogenous integrity”, what’s totally false and represents a
malevolent slander.
Mrs. Nathalie Clayer claims that “the bektashies do already
form a distinctive force from that of Sunni Muslim Community”. In
fact, the bektashies were and still continue to be a sect of
Islamic religion. We remind to Mrs. Nathalie that, in the last
Congress of bektashies, Reshat Bardhi declared: “There’s no
bektashian religion but a bektashian sect”.
The researcher Lakshman-Lepain concludes that the
new Islam entering in Albania is more strict and intolerant, which
obligates people to identify the religion with the imported
cultural values. According to her, the Islamization of Albania is
being achieved from above and below, being in conformity with this
new version of Islam.
The truth is that Islam is based only in the Holy Qur’an
and the tolerance of such a religion is witnessed from all the
civilized world. Lepain writes that the new Albanian Islam is
clearly militant, a solidarity Islam to the Muslims of neighbor
countries and those of Islamic world, as well. It intends to
define the identity of both Albanians and Albanian state, giving
the impression that the Albanian laic state should be
“assimilated” in the future. In such a way, it would be soon
transformed in a Muslim state.
For this prosperous work, its’ impossible that
she remained without being rewarded by both Istanbul and Beograd’
Patriarchane. And of course, the worst thing is that she won the
competition of the Foundation for Strategic Researching.
Prof.Dr. Musa GASHI
ISLAM WITHIN YOUTH’S STRUCTURE
Within the
structure of the youth is the most part of the atheists,
educated
in communism with the spirit of faith’s elimination.
Together with the emancipation, the contemporary
man managed to have a high conscience about the ideas and
individual or social qualities. In such a sense, is emphasized
the negative role of Islamic religion. Nowadays, the religion
(especially Islam) represents an unnecessary institution for both
individual and society, an unnecessary burden, which limits the
freely thoughtful and logic...!
The youth doesn’t care about these philosophical ideas
because they say that such ideas are an obstacle for the
“dynamics” of man and his life’s organization.
The materialistic development of society presents
a precondition for the human existence but there should be some
moral and spiritual values, as well. We must be sure that only a
segment of human activities isn’t necessary for the self, but it
must have moral and spiritual values as gifts from Allah, that
would serve for the organization of a “Homo Sapiens et
Spiritualis” life!
Prof.Dr. Viron
KOKA
THE GREEK
CHAUVINISTIC CLAIMS AGAINST SOUTH ALBANIA
(’20-’30 of 20th
century)
During the
zogist’s regime Greek-Albanian relationships get strained because
of the Greek chauvinistic intentions against South Albania. The
object of this study is the permanent intention of Greek
government for hellenization and annexation of both Himara and
South Albania. During these years, time when Albanian state was
consolidated, the Greek politics had a hard time. Even in such
conditions, Greece didn’t give up on its politics. The Greek
annexation was made a subject of official conversations between
Athens and Tirana, in the uncontrolled propaganda’s press and
vorio-epirot sillogies. The collaborators of Ahmet Zog had
promised to Greek’s government that as a reward for its help,
Ahmet Zog would give to Greece a territorial compensation and
would increase the Greek influence on the country. But he didn’t
keep the promise. On the contrary, the Greek chauvinistic claims
were categorically contested by him. Such claims were set against
the claims for çam’s compensation in Greece, whose properties were
taken. The Zogist government lodged such a clamor even in the
League of Nations.
At the beginning, Greece aimed the transformation of South
Albania regions into Greek cantons and then their total
annexation. Himara would be one of these cantons. Even if Himara
was not a Greek minority, the Greek government treated it as such.
Greece didn’t succeed, even with the intensive propaganda for
Himara, using its bad economic and social situation during that
period. Apart from the fact that three villages were bilingual and
did talk the Greek language, the opening of Greek schools were not
allowed.
The cohabitants of these regions had a patriotic attitude,
even if they didn’t like the Zogist regime. The big hole of Himara
which Greeks tried to take advantage of, was its people’s
nostalgia for the venomies, the privileges of Turkey’s time that
allowed its cantoned self-administration.
A big strike against Greek annexationist claims on South
Albania was the autocephalous annunciation of the Albanian
Orthodox Church in 1937. This autocephalous church nolens volens
was accepted by the Patriarchane, as well.
Italy that aimed to invade Albania, at the moment served as
a defense against neighbor irredentism.
It was clear for Greece that in such conditions, its
annexation illusions were useless. Greek- Yugoslav irredentism
failed in front of the fascist countries’ attack in Europe and
Balkans.
South Albania became a prey of Italian aggression in 1939.
This aggression was favored by the Greek shortsighted politics
which annexation claims were archived to Greek calends.
Zamir GJURGJI
THE CULT SYSTEM
AND THE OCCULT ONE
Dividing the religion from the state means that the
statesmen should be un-religious and the religious persons
shouldn’t be statesmen, which even practically results the choice
to lead towards isolation. In such a case, the aim for integration
is an antithesis of isolated practices.
Dividing categorically the religion from the
state means defining the static attitude of individuals, actually
religious and un-religious ones that in the near future these
individuals won’t have the right to make the alternative solution
or selection. This harms the progress and is a basic floor for the
short-dated politics only.
Dividing categorically the state from religion
means that the state should not be based on institutions. If the
religious persons have no right to be integrated in state
structures, then this mass of individuals isn’t represented in
state politics. Thus, the state remains incomplete in its
institutions that presuppose the representation and a vote
delegacy without which the consolidation of state structures
remains a solution in ether.
Dividing categorically the religion from the state means
creating a hypocrisy atmosphere in the vital environment. This
because, due to the necessities’ conformity with the state rules,
the individual of a certain religion is restricted to be feigned
as unreligious and in such a way he is integrated denaturalized
within the state structures. Nowhere in this world the stability
is built up on constrained choices that force the individuals to
alienate under the dictate and live correctly with changeable
cults. However it’s treated, the laic system “Made in Albania”
operates as a parallel system with democratic power to that scale
that can be considered as laicocracy .
This means that in Albania operate at the same time two
powers (in Greek kratio – power), demo and laiko-
cracy. Since that two powers can’t co-exist in the same state
edifice, thus logically one of them is an occult.
We will manage to highlight our national identity when we
won’t imitate blindly the others but will be high-toned even in
spreading the values of divine religion; and a Guarantee for such
a triumph is the Divine Power itself.
Miguel Asin
PALACIOS
MUSLIM
ESCHATOLOGY IN DIVINE COMEDY
Muslim Eschatology in Divine Comedy is one the works that
served as an unchallengeable guide of Europe’s knowledge in XX
century.
It is a book mixed with exaltation, curiosity and even with
scandal.
Its pages include a full series that the school of Spanish
Arabists dedicated to the study of relationships between Islam and
Christianity, marking the culmination of a method that opened a
safe path through an unexplored forest.
Such a book opened a new era in Dantes’ studies. Even the
strongest adversaries couldn’t demolish the facts that Asini
brought.
Prof. Shefik OSMANI
“ARNAVUD –ALBANIAN ARTISTS IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE”
In 2003, Shyqri Nimani, a well-known author from Prishtina, was
presented with a new publication: “Arnavud –Albanian Artists in
the Ottoman Empire” giving in this way another precious
contribution.
Evaluating recent data, this volume is added to other publications
of authors who have dealt with the same subject like Elena Gjika,
Eqrem çabej, Dr. Muhamed Mufak,
emin Azemi, etc.
In particular, three chapters of this volume are important: ‘The
Albanian architects’, ‘The Albanian poets’ and ‘The Albanian
painters’.
The group of Albanian architects, which is represented
by Atik Sinani, Mimar Sinani, Sedefqar Mehmet Aga, Kasem Aga and
Mehmet Isa, dominates the architecture of the Islamic orient
during XV-XVII centuries.
In the chapter “the Albanian poets”, we expected more since the
author himself underlines that: “the high society of the Ottoman
Empire considered literature, especially writing verses, lyrics,
among its most favourite fields of culture”.
The Albanin painters” is a chapter that brings new things. For the
first time in the field of Albanian art history there are
presented surprising and unknown data. Three of them proudly bear
the surname Arnauti “the Albanian” and they are Hajdar Arnaut,
Kasim Arnaut and Ajaz Arnaut.
The contemporaneous technical and luxury design increases its
dignity and places this work among the most accomplished
publications in Albanian language.
Leonora SHKURTAJ
A BOOK THAT
THRILLS THE SOUL
The author of
the book “Shpirti i dërrmuar-dhuna serbe ndaj femrës shqiptare në
Kosovë” (1997-1999) (Broken soul-the Serbian violence on the
Albanian women in Kosova) is the teacher and socio-political
activist Naxhije Doçi.
The author
describes the sufferings and vicissitudes of the Albanian women in
Kosova, which increased day after day and month after month until
the harsh and unequal war approached. The Albanian woman was the
most distressful personae that had to suffer and sacrifice more
for she experienced and bore the unbearable: watching children and
old men killed in front of her at the threshold of the house in
the most unscrupulous manner ever seen in the history, which may
be compared only to the Nazi human extinction camps.
The Serbian
massacres against Albanians in Likashan, Therande, Rahovec, Raçak,
Drenica, Klinja, Izbica, Celina, Bellacerkë, Krushë, Mitrovicë,
Nikaradë, Fushë-Kosovë, etc., are extensively described in the
book. In addition, the book gives an account of the assassination
of most distinguished personalities of this war, who will remain
immortal in our memories.
The book is a
kind of the documentary literature genre, but it is written in a
candid and dexterous style, in a narrating way that unfolds life
open.
Prof. Dr.
Hektor VESHI
UNFORGETTABLE PHILOLOGists
Recently, Prof. As .Dr. Murat Gecaj presented
himself with a book entitled: “Filologë që nuk harrohen”
(“Unforgettable philologists”), a collection of impressions
personally experienced as an ex-student of the most distinguished
personalities of the 20th century in the Albanian
education and school, then as their collaborator in the field of
journalism and lately in that of science. This growth came quite
naturally given that the personalities mentioned in this book
underwent the same process of growth following the example of
their greatest forerunners. This is stated by the leading figure
in the field of the Albanian language, Prof.
çabej, estimating
his forerunner, the greatest Alexander Xhuvani (ex-student of
Jeronim de Rada). Prof. Shaban Demiraj asserts the same about his
professor Eqerem çabej
in the book he has especially written with reference to this
notable scientist and citizen.
The book tends to be a collective monument of
memories and considerations about a long chain of pedagogues,
scientists and writers through impressions and writings of the
author himself along with some extracts taken from their own
creations. Among the 22 distinguished personalities, 15 of them
are included in the first part of the book entitled “Forever in
our memories” since they do not live any more.
Even though there can be written whole books
about each of these personalities, this edition gives ample and
significant information on aspects of scientific and social
interest regarding their lives.
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